Insider Trading The Galleon Group Company â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Insider Trading The Galleon Group Company? Answer: Introduction The development of the securities industry has come under possible great threat of insider trading by the stakeholders involved in the trading exercise as well as the nature of business conducted in the market characterized by high risks of potential loss and potential gains. However, the Securities and Exchange Commission has set forth different rules governing the trading of securities in different security markets. Globally this market has been considered as one of the greatest markets with many players investing in different sectors of the economy and helping in growth and development of the economic status of different nations. Our case study provides a detailed analysis of a case of insider trading within the Galleon Group of companies and the resultant effects to the culprits of the exercise. The company is privately owned and provides services and information about investment such as company stocks, bonds and other financial instruments (Sinkovics et al. 2014, p. 668). The co mpany has been making money for itself as well as for others by picking stocks and managing portfolios and hedge funds for different investors. It affirms to the truth of the statement that information gathering techniques are still coned under or on the Wall Street. Much of these activities of business investment decisions are done by a team of experts who are trusted by the company to make decisions on behalf of the company in stock exchange market (Crane Matten 2016, p. 2). However, in most cases, many individuals have been found engaging in illegal trading for their own personal gain motives and have cost other stakeholders involved in the trading and in the market. Using our case study provided then we shall get to understand different views and concepts in relation to information seeking behaviors which lead to insider trading and the possible solutions to be undertaken by business regulators, investors and executives to reduce the practice, the implications of illegal inside r trading and effectiveness of secret investigations in prevention of sharing of non-public information Analysis of information gathering techniques on Wall Street and possible solutions to reduce the practice It is true to say that information seeking techniques like those of Rajaratnam are common on Wall Street today. Raj Rajaratnam is the head of Galleon had been accused and indicted of 14 counts of securities fraud and conspiracy by being sued by the Securities Exchange Commission for engaging in insider training. Globally, Rajaratnam was a smart person who was known for different achievements in business world despite having degree in engineering, he had received a number of awards and promotions due to his efforts in running business, his experience and skills in financial analysis and especially in the banking industry and a number of years of experience in the industry and was known to be very influential and engaged in dirty businesses to avoid taxation or engaged in illegal business actions as long as the benefits from the deals (Cheng et al. 2014, p. 18). Therefore no one had harbored any illusion that Galleon Raj Rajaratnam was going to beat the tap for insider trading until he was sentenced to 11 years by the court a ruling in which his lawyers and representatives termed to be centered on ensuring that the man spends her entire lifetime at the prison. Information seeking technique in this contest can be understood from the concept of inside trading in which the term is used to imply the buying and selling of a security by someone in a position or has access to material nonpublic information about the security (Nofsinger Varma 2014, p. 187). It may also be defined as a practice whereby company securities are traded by individuals or someone who by any virtue of work have access to the non-public information which can be crucial in making an investment decision. This practice is highly discouraged by the securities and exchange commissions with the aim of protecting fair trade in the market for the benefit of common investors who engage in trading without any information on the securities and are considered to be fair players in such a market. Insider trading can be illegal or legal at the same time (Lopatta et al. 2015, p. 476). Illegal insider trading as an information seeking technique involves tipping others when you have or are in a position of any sort of non-public information. On the other hand legal insider trading in most cases happen when business directors or executives of a company purchase or sell shares or other company securities but disclose the transactions legally. In context of our case study, information seeking techniques on Wall Street would imply the processes that are used to create and organize information in lower Manhattan originally known as the New York home of stock exchange and the historic headquarters of the largest US brokerage and investment banks (Augustin et al. 2015, p. 1). Therefore Wall Street can be assumed to have all the information related to the buying and selling of securities. Rajaratnam and five others had been accused of using the non-public information from company insiders and consultants to make millions in personal profits in which these company insiders gave or sold relevant company information to Rajaratnam through agreed terms for their own benefit. The practice is thus found to be illegal as it gives certain groups of people an unfair advantage in the market and is also said to put the interests of the insider above those to whom he or she owes a fiduciary as well as encourages an insider to artificially influence the value of a company stock (Niessner, 2015, p. 1). The companies involved in securities exchange as well as the government through the regulating body, in this case, the Securities and Exchange Commission should always try to prevent insider trading in order to ensure the integrity of the markets and maintain their reputation. The commission as the regulator can, therefore, conduct constant monitoring of the trading activities of diff erent companies especially through the company events such as acquisition and announcement of company securities which in one way or the other may vary the stock price significantly (Pevzner Xin 2015, p. 203). This can help to establish whether the traders were legitimate or the trade was as a result of insider information being provided to those who instituted the trade just as it was in the case of Rajaratnam and five others who were convicted for insider trading. The regulators, as well as the company directors and executives, can take into consideration the complaints raised by the traders who might have lost substantial sums on large trades and conduct investigations of insider trader as such malpractices may drive away the company current and potential investors (Gao et al. 2014, p. 166). Such complaints help then analyze and identify the players in the market who are trading against the principles and ethics of the industry. They can also seek to obtain tips from company or firms whistleblowers that come forward with knowledge of the people trading such information in the company for an appropriate action to be taken. This information may prove to be very crucial in preventing future likelihood of losses due to insider information effect. The law provides compensation of 10 to 30 percent of any fines and charges of culprits in the courts to be given to whistleblowers (Grinblatt Titman, 2016, p. 1). Lastly, the companies should ensure tha t all the company officers and directors involved in buying and selling of company securities clear all their transactions with the chief legal officer and in case of any illegality the company and the regulators can take appropriate legal measures to sue the culprits. Implications of sharing confidential material information or insider trading The implication of the sharing confidential information cuts across all the parties involved in the business and has been elaborated in our case study. It is therefore important for all the stakeholders in the market to ensure that the market is fair to all players. Companies whose shares are publicly traded are required by law to openly disclose their financial statements at the designated and scheduled dates to the stock exchange (Armour et al. 2017, p. 1435). When this happens the market is said to be trading on fairgrounds and on equal terms to interested parties. Markets should provide an equal trading ground for all the parties and it is important that ethical standards guiding the business operations are held high in the business world. Using our case study analysis it is important to note that, Rajaratnam being an investment analyst at Needham and Co was able to develop a great networking of important trading officers from different companies (Asker et al. 2014, p. 355). This kind of networking enabled him or granted hi power to make precise security market predictions about companys financial situations and therefore he was able to develop his own company the Galleon Raj. Since he was able to obtain information of other companies in the market such as the Goldman Sachs Group, Intel Corp and the Mckinsey and Co he was in a position to engage in fraudulent trading activities by committing fraud and conspiracy. It was possible for him to maintain an ethical state of mind and hired individual analysis to examine the companys financial statements. By doing so this would not have led to any illegality and his company could have as well made profits and execute it in a professional and ethical manner (Anderson, 2014, p. 1). However his conspiracy and fraud actions led to the suffering of his business which was taxed a lot of money, it cost the other people who conspired together and pleaded guilty of charges and had to serve a jail sentence. Insider trading is an unethical business practice and whenever a company insider shares confidential information with an investor gets an unfair advantage and interferes with the integrity of the market. It is therefore unfair to share any confidential material information. This is because insiders have access to information that is not given to the public. Unequal possession of information is an advantage that cannot be competed away because the advantage depends on a lawful privilege to which an outsider cannot acquire access. Confidentiality is a very important business ethics (Ventoruzzo 2015, p. 560). It is therefore important to maintain the confidentiality of the important company information to build the trust of investors and other stakeholders. Sharing of company information leads to lack of trust with the company and finally affects the growth of the business. One of the key issues in security markets that business or companies should take care is the market integrity. The main reason why there are regulators such as the security exchange commission and the government through the central banks of different nations in the industry is to maintain the integrity of the market. Sharing of non-public information leads to distortion of market integrity and results to lack of investors confidence (Henning 2015, p.3). For instance, in our case study, it is evident that after the sentence of Rajaratnam and the effects his conspiracy and fraud activities had to the securities market many investors got scared away as the market could not be trusted anymore for investment. Another implication of sharing non-public information to the public is the fact that it drives away investors or reduces their confidence with the companies. This is because there is always a certain group of investors who benefit from the securities due to their ability to access insider information and always have an advantage in the trading process. This will automatically affect my decisi on on trading in the security market as well as any other interested investor (Davidowitz 2014, p. 281). The knowledge of this information gives you the certainty that the market is unfair and unequal to all people or all players in the market. In a country that pursues justice, it will also not be right to engage in such business as this may have led to severe consequences from the side of the law just as it was to Rajaratnam and his associates in conspiracy and fraud. Impact of the secret investigation on Rajaratnam and his associates to other managers and investors By taking into consideration the case of Rajaratnam and the people he had in his network of committing conspiracy, fraud and insider trading, no one could have thought that the arm of the law would one day catch up with him. It was a shock to the nation and entire world that such crimes despite your business influence can have such implications and effects (Anderson 2015, p. 339). Most business managers and investors in security markets always boast of their confidence in the market affairs because of the insider information they have and the networks they have created with different expert analysts on the same as well as consultants. I believe that this secret investigation just as it was a shock to the global business world had the same impact on other business managers and investors who have been practicing the same conspiracy and fraud. It must have shocked and scared them as well and I believe the punishment the culprits received from the court judgment scared the company inside rs. I believe this acted as a lesson to be learned by these business leaders and managers and therefore my assumption is that they will trade with caution whenever dealing with security markets (Dolgopolov 2014, p. 3). The security exchange commission can as well remove those companies from being listed in the stock exchange markets completely for violating the market trading principles and business principles as well as ethical standards of trading in stock and security markets. Conducting a secret investigation helps in identifying not only the key suspects or culprits in the trading process but also destroying all the networks which may have been created and could as well resulted to business cartels in the industry. It helps in identification of the loopholes in the industry and therefore it will be difficult for managers and other investors to exploit the same loopholes in conducting their conspiracy and fraud activities (Sinkovics et al. 2014, p. 701). The impact that the conspiracy and the insider trading had on Galleon Company, as well as the insider companies, served also as a great lesson to manager and investors and therefore they will always be in fear of collapsing their businesses by acting in an unethical manner whereas there is a possibility of doing the same business in within the required legal framework by employing credible and ethical business analysts who will promote the integrity of the markets as well as protect the image of their bus inesses and build a long-lasting client relationships in their businesses. The investigation, therefore, played a vital role to the redemption of the industry and its likely to bring about future success in the industry by creating a platform where investors can trade on equal grounds and having a fair competition in the sector which will contribute to increased growth. Conclusion Every business ought to be conducted in an in an ethical environment and its the responsibility of business managers to ensure that they are socially responsible for their business activities. The security market which is characterized with the trading of stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments is very important in the development of an economy and therefore the relevant regulatory frameworks should be developed in order to promote and protect the integrity of the markets. Insider trading has been one of the greatest challenges of trading in security markets and has had the industry grow at a slow pace as compared to trading in commodity markets (HajliLin, 2016, p. 115). However with the implementation of the relevant protectionist and regulatory frameworks the market will always remain the biggest market in any economy. It is important that all the stakeholders involved in the market to collectively work together to maintain a healthy competition in the market by trading unde r the established trade guidelines, under the established ethical standards and the regulatory framework established by the security exchange commission. This case study, therefore, plays an important role in helping the business world understand the importance of business ethics and being socially responsible in business activities. References List Agrawal, A. and Cooper, T., Insider trading before accounting scandals. Journal of Corporate Finance, Vol 34, 2016, pp.169-190. Anderson, J. Greed, Envy, and the Criminalization of Insider Trading, Utah L. Rev. 2014, p.1. Anderson, J. Anticipating a Sea Change for Insider Trading Law: From Trading Plan Crisis to Rational Reform. Utah L. Rev, 2015, p.339. Armour, J., Mayer, C. and Polo, A. Regulatory sanctions and reputational damage in financial markets.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol 52, no. 4, 2017, pp.1429-1448. Asker, J, Farre-Mensa, J. and Ljungqvist, A, Corporate investment and stock market listing: A puzzle?, The Review of Financial Studies, Vol 28, no, 2, 2017, pp.342-390. Augustin, P, Brenner, M. and Subrahmanyam, M., Informed options trading prior to MA announcements: Insider trading?. 2015, Press. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance Strategic Management Journal, Vol 35, no. 1, 2014, pp.1-23. Crane, A. and Matten, D, Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization Oxford University Press, 2016. Davidowitz, S, Abandoning the Mosaic Theory: Why the Mosaic Theory of Securities Analysis Constitutes Illegal Insider Trading and What to Do about It. Wash. UJL Pol'y, Vol 46, 2014, p.281. Dolgopolov, S, High-Frequency Trading, Order Types, and the Evolution of the Securities Market Structure: One Whistleblower's Consequences for Securities Regulation, 2014. Gao, F, Lisic, L. and Zhang, I, Commitment to social good and insider trading.Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol 57, no 2, 2014, pp.149-175. Grinblatt, M. and Titman, S., Financial markets corporate strategy. 2016 Hajli, N. and Lin, X, Exploring the security of information sharing on social networking sites: The role of perceived control of information Journal of Business Ethics, Vol 133, no. 1, 2016, pp.111-123. Henning, J, What's So Bad About Insider Trading Law?. Business Lawyer, Vol 70, no. 3, 2015. Lopatta, K., Buchholz, F. and Kaspereit, T, Asymmetric information and corporate social responsibility Business Society, Vol 55, no. 3, 2016, pp.458-488. Niessner, M., 2015.Strategic disclosure timing and insider trading. Nofsinger, J. and Varma, A. Socially responsible funds and market crises Journal of Banking Finance, 48, 2014, pp.180-193. Pevzner, M, Xie, F. and Xin, X, When firms talk, do investors listen? The role of trust in stock market reactions to corporate earnings announcements. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol 117, no. 1, 2015, pp.190-223. Sinkovics, N, Sinkovics, R. and Yamin, M, The role of social value creation in business model formulation at the bottom of the pyramidimplications for MNEs?. International Business Review, Vol 23, no. 4, 2014, pp.692-707. Ventoruzzo, M. Comparing insider trading in the United States and in the European Union: History and recent developments European Company and Financial Law Review, Vol 11, no. 4, 2015pp.554-593.

Essay Sample Writing Tips - Why Simple Past Tense is Worse Than Grammatically Incorrect

Essay Sample Writing Tips - Why Simple Past Tense is Worse Than Grammatically IncorrectWhy are we always told to be careful using past tense sentences when writing a sample essay? Why can't you use simple past tense as often as you can with proper grammatical errors and sentences that flow nicely? Can you really get away with using simple past tense with your essay, or is it now forever ingrained in the minds of too many people that a writer who uses this wrong syntax cannot be taken seriously? This tutorial will show you how to effectively use simple past tense sentences with your essay.With too many people using improper, incorrect syntax in their essay, using simple past tense when writing a sample essay may be a hindrance. When using simple past tense, you are basically using a normal sentence with a period at the end. But instead of adding a new subject or attaching a new verb to the sentence, what you're actually doing is modifying the sentence structure by inserting the past t ense. We often use the past tense when modifying verbs like 'said'said', but not when modifying subjects.Let's take a look at a common grammatical error that many people make in their essay. It's called an 'assumption'. When writing an essay about anything, including yourself, the common error is to make an assumption about something. You assume that a situation is true. And because this is so common, many people are guilty of using this and their own experiences as an example when making their assumptions.So, instead of assuming that I have the ability to speak English or being accurate, a lot of people just assume. They make the assumption that because I am using the proper grammar and can write the proper sentence, I must be an expert in English and have exceptional skills. Now there is no way I can disprove these types of assumptions because I never know anyone who can speak English but there is a huge possibility that some people might be accurate in their assumptions.However, if we were to write a sample essay using simple past tense, and did not make any assumptions about the author's abilities and capabilities, and if we talked about a hypothetical situation, then the odds are that many of the assumptions made would be inaccurate. For example, rather than talking about a hypothetical situation, why not write about the experience of a person who has used this style? I'm sure that many of the assumptions made would then be shown to be untrue.Other times, not using simple past tense or past perfect would also cause many of the grammatical errors that the essay would have to deal with. For example, there are too many different times when past tense forms are used that it can be difficult to control and use the right form on every single use.You could be a teacher and use past tense when describing activities, events, situations and even years. But when you're writing a student's essay for college, your writing needs to be a little more professional. Using simple past tense would make the student feel awkward and not like you were being truthful.Use simple past tense when appropriate when writing a sample essay for a school essay. There is no need to rewrite the essay every time.

Child Welfare in the Together Youth Shelter

Aristotle Essays (859 words) - Natural Philosophers, Free Essays

Aristotle Essays (859 words) - Natural Philosophers, Free Essays Aristotle Aristotle, Galileo, and Pasteur can be said to have contributed significantly, each in his own way, to the development of The Scientific Method. Discuss. What is the scientific method? In general, this method has three parts, which we might call (1) gathering evidence, (2) making a hypothesis, and (3) testing the hypothesis. As scientific methodology is practiced, all three parts are used together at all stages, and therefore no theory, however rigorously tested, is ever final, but remains at all times tentative, subject to new observation and continued testing by such observation. Hellenic science was built upon the foundations laid by Thales and Pythagoras. It reached its zenith in the works of Aristotle and Archimedes. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) represents the first tradition, that of qualitative forms and teleology. He was, himself, a biologist whose observations of marine organisms were unsurpassed until the 19th century. Biology is essentially teleologicalthe parts of a living organism are understood in terms of what they do in and for the organismand Aristotle's biological works provided the framework for the science until the time of Charles Darwin. Aristotle was able to make a great deal of sense of observed nature by asking of any object or process: what is the material involved, what is its form and how did it get that form, and, most important of all, what is its purpose? What should be noted is that, for Aristotle, all activity that occurred spontaneously was natural. Hence, the proper means of investigation was observation. Experiment, that is, alte ring natural conditions in order to throw light on the hidden properties and activities of objects, was unnatural and could not, therefore, be expected to reveal the essence of things. However, the establishment of the importance of classifying knowledge and of observation as well as the introduction of the deductive method of reasoning can be taken as Aristotles most significant contributions to the scientific method. Even after the intellectual revolutions of centuries to follow, Aristotelian concepts and ideas remained embedded in Western thinking. The critical tradition of science began with Copernicus in the sixteenth century. It eventually led to the work of Galileo (1564-1642), which criticised the very roots of the Aristotelian world system. With the invention of the telescope Galileo, in quick succession, announced that there were mountains on the Moon, satellites circling Jupiter, and spots upon the Sun. Moreover, the Milky Way was composed of countless stars whose existence no one had suspected until Galileo saw them. Galileo attacked the problems of the Earth's rotation and its revolution by logical analysis. Bodies do not fly off the Earth because they are not really revolving rapidly, even though their speed is high. In revolutions per minute, any body on the Earth is going very slowly and, therefore, has little tendency to fly off. Bodies fall to the base of towers from which they are dropped because they share with the tower the rotation of the Earth. Hence, bodies already in motion preserve that motion when another motion is added. So, Galileo deduced, a ball dropped from the top of a mast of a moving ship would fall at the base of the mast. If the ball were allowed to move on a frictionless horizontal plane, it would continue to move forever. Hence, Galileo concluded, the planets, once set in circular motion, continue to move in circles forever. Therefore, Copernican orbits exist. Galileo never acknowledged Kepler's ellipses; to do so would have meant abandoning his solution to the Copernic an problem. Galileo's originality as a scientist lay in his method of inquiry. First he reduced problems to a simple set of terms on the basis of everyday experience and common-sense logic. Then he analyzed and resolved them according to simple mathematical descriptions. The success with which he applied this technique to the analysis of motion opened the way for modern mathematical and experimental physics. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist. His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the germ theory of disease, is one of the most important in medical history. Pasteur's phenomenal contributions to microbiology and medicine can be summarized as follows. First, he championed changes in hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease

Aviation Maintenance and Engineering Research Paper

Aviation Maintenance and Engineering - Research Paper Example All of the maintenance savvy institutions were established in the 1960’s with a sole goal, to increase safety and life of their equipment and aircrafts. The first institution that was built was known as RCM (reliability-Catered maintenance) but united airlines engineers. This was followed by Boeing’s MSG which till present is known as the standard which has to be followed (Kinnison, 2004). All the details of such practices are highlighted in this report and will try to cover the modern aspects of aviation maintenance and engineering as well. Current Issues In the modern era, the aviation industry is faced with a constant threat that is known as human error. Although a lot of research work has been carried out to pin point the loop holes in human psyche, even then there is an alarming rate of accidents caused by the negligence of the human hand and mind. The maintenance of aircrafts includes fast turnaround time, high pressure and a high number of tasks being performed a t the same time. All these factors ca n lead to the lowering of human work manners while working on an aircraft or its components. Although, the advancement of technology has taken aircraft systems to a level which were un-imagined at the time when write brothers being laughed at, for having a dream that was never dreamt before. Powered flight was a dream, let alone sophisticated systems full of avionics loaded navigation systems and flight controls. All these innovations made sure that the systems improve but made the human rely more on technology and become complacent on his routine inspections and maintenance duties. The headings are bolded and centered. You should start off the paragraph with a simple left indent and start the discussion of the assignment. There is no gap between paragraphs. The aircraft incidents in the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s made the research and development teams of different aerospace companies think about different factors leading to these crashes. The most compelling factor that came out from the research was the human factor. Majority of the crashes were due to wither the pilot error or technician error caused by negligence in the filed-line. After this astonishing discovery many agencies were constituted and the silence system was bought in to action. This was the biggest factor involved in incidents when it was an unknown phenomenon, but still takes the lives of thousand as the human falters the moment checks and balances allow him some leverage. Therefore, strict rules have been enforced to eradicate this menace from the aviation industry (Adrian, 2005). A lot of training funds and seminars are being conducted over a period of time in all the aviation related agencies so that maintenance practices can be safe form such an issue, which can hamper the safety of operations of an airline. Current Practices The recent problems and practices in an airline company were easily pointed out by an internal study in an airl ine covering the local region as a part of its internal- research department project. This report was focused mainly upon some key factors like unplanned and unscheduled maintenance, spare parts and component maintenance. Some of the common factors that were noted in the process are explained in detail in the following part of the report. Un-planned

Assessment Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assessment Assignment - Essay Example Here we will be critically analysing the effectiveness of this planning, teaching, evaluation and assessment cycle with reference to the current assessment theory. Also we will discuss the role of a teaching assistant in assessment process. We will learn about various methods for assessing children’s work such as verbal questioning, marking, setting homework, observing, peer and self assessment, using both formative and summative assessments. Planning –Teaching – Evaluation – Assessment Cycle This cycle of Planning, Teaching, Evaluation and Assessment is a standard which most school administrators want their teachers to follow. Now this complete cycle can either be executed after being completely programmed first or alternatively each step of this cycle can be planned and executed one by one. Previous method will be more successful in teaching higher grade students and latter will prove useful in teaching younger lot. It is obvious that for effective teaching this cycle has to be dynamic in nature and needs to be constantly updated as per the learning requirements of kids which become clearer after every assessment. Cairney opines (Cairney, 1995:161) that completely pre-planned programme is restrictive because If one adopts an approach to teaching that consists of a cycle of planning, teaching, assessment and evaluation and reflection then one must be open to changes to the teaching programme and be prepared to make constant adjustments to meet the changing need of learners. Every step / phase of this cycle governs the other steps. Planning This phase is the most important one as it gives you the way to walk on. Although Cairney stresses (Cairney, 1995:161) that there is no best format for planning or programming, and hence teachers should develop their own style that suits their needs. So every teacher needs to develop his / her own way of planning keeping some key

Divakarunis Narrative Techniques

Divakarunis Narrative Techniques Narrative is a telling of some invented and true events or linked series of events, described by a narrator (even though may be more than one of each). Narratives are to be identified from descriptions of situation, state, or qualities, and also from theatrical performance of events even if a theatrical work may also comprise narrative speeches. A narrative will reside on a set of actions recounted in a procedure of discourse or narration, in which the events are arranged and selected in a particular order as a plot. As Abbott defined it, Narrative is the representation of events, consisting of story and narrative discourse, story is an event or sequence of events (the action), and narrative discourse is those events as represented1. The category of narratives contains both the shortest descriptions of events and the longest biographical or historical works plus travelogues, diaries in addition to short stories, ballads, novels, epics, and other fictional forms. In the study of ficti on, it is normal to divide the short stories and novels into third person narratives and first person narratives. Thus, Rather than focusing on general, abstract situations or trends, stories are accounts of what happened to particular people and of what it was like for them to experience what happened in particular circumstances and with specific consequence. Narrative, in other words, is a basic human strategy for coming to terms with time, process, and change a strategy that contrasts with, but is in no way inferior to, scientific modes of explanation that characterize phenomena as instances of general covering laws. 2 As an adjective, narrative stands for characterized by or concerning to storytelling. Therefore, narrative technique is the way of telling stories, and narrative poetry is the group of poems including verse romances, ballads, and epic that tells stories, as different from lyric and dramatic poetry. But, to be categorized as a narrative, an event sequence must therefore involve some kind of noteworthy disruption of an initial state of equilibrium by an unanticipated and often untoward event or chain of events 3. Factually speaking, narrative is a story and it can be expressed all the way through poetry, pictures, speech, songs, non-fiction, and fiction as well. When in the writing form, its telling is demoted to a special person; it becomes a method used by that person. This person who is assigned the task of narration is the narrator and his observant serves as a figure or gem through which ideas are passed on to the readers. Narrative technique is very much an artistic venture. Thus, The narrative is about conflict. The narrative is about the temporality of existence. The narrative is about problem solving. The narrative is about human experience. The narrative is about interpersonal relations. A narrator holds the present, detains past and gets ready the reader for future. Usually, these techniques are explained by the points of view in the novel. There are three points to present a narrative: the narrator takes part in the action and also comments on the incidents, third person viewpoint when the narrator narrates the story in an objective way, and omniscient viewpoint where the narrator is like God and can also make his existence felt with authorial interruptions. A narrator has a surfeit of options to describe events. He can base his narrative on causality and temporality or he can narrate all the way through vocalization. Vocalization alters the path of the narrative as the reader gets images of character by the impression of the narrator. It employs three dimensional approach: one who sees, his understanding of events, and the voice of one who narrates. An exceptional feature of prose fiction uses narration and explanation as the manners of the story presented. By applying the device of narration, a prose fiction writer tells her tales by assembling actions in her tine sequence. This method of narration may turn the story understandable and bring it lively to the readers imagination. On the other hand, the explanation of the prose can be both psychological and physical so that it brings feelings and scene to the thoughts of the readers. As a result, through the description and the narration used, the readers of a prose fiction will be competent to understand the story well. Moreover, according to Abrams, the novel is also defined as an extended narrative covering a wide range of characters and experience (1958). Furthermore, the novel opens up wider possibilities for the direct communication of experiences as there is the more private relationship between reader and writer (Shipley, 1962). So, both the writer and the reader can share the everyday experience, because most novels concerned with ordinary people and their problems in the societies in which they find themselves (Peck and Coley, 1984). This chapter seeks to provide an accessible introduction to key ideas about narrative technique with the special reference of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni and an overview of the major approaches to narrative inquiry. It will also register multiple perspectives on the study of Divakarunis novels. It will furnish a synoptic account of this area of investigation. So, narrative technique is an approach in which stories can be viewed as supporting many communicative and cognitive activities. Divakaruni writes about the real mirror image of cultural evils or problems. Besides, she also reflects herself as an immigrant in the U.S.A. She is an Indian immigrant who group up in America; it makes her a specialist in blending two cultures, both Indian and American. The major hypothesis behind the study is that narrative discourse or dialogue is created out of the interaction of the cultural reunions as they are coded in readers activity and the languages in discussing the meanings generated by the text. The helpful method is not personal in that it does not depend on the personal feelings of reader and writer; nor impersonal in that human are being essentially involved. The present study focuses on this inter-subjective sphere continued with a whole set of narrative actions that are of great implication in the fiction writers craft. It is believed that the texts by women writers reproduce an extensive range of specific appropriation of the style and language they use on a daily basis and that the feminist novel completes its picture of the world as it is seen by women. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar in The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination (1979) have traced out that there are assiduous images in womens writings which points out that women writers try to express their restrictions and their confinement, by they cannot express their themes and images in their usual language; for that reason their language is a double-voiced discourse. Therefore, a portrayal of the double-voiced discussion will always be a multifaceted and miscellaneous undertaking because the feminist critic almost contradictory must make an effort to look for meaning there. The hunt for specifically female images and themes is a frequently critic work out. Myth criticism has also proved to b e rewarding for a study of womens fiction, and more studies depend on structuralism and deconstructive process. Writers use different styles and techniques in order to explain their experiences or practices. As Jasbir Jain remarks while discussing this in her article Gender and Narrative Strategy: Women writers while evolving narrative strategies are faced with double problem: how to step out of the frame-work defined by men and patriarchal values; and how to identify and create a tradition of their own.4 Women writers are faced with a dual mind state when writing out their stories the fact is that they are the writers who are writing about unique feeling and experiences dissimilar from that of ordinary men, as well as the reality that they are women. When they seek to do well in their writing, they have to increase above their feeling of gender unfairness or inequality. This is more appropriate for a feminist writer who tries to give air to the strong feelings of fury and bigotry against the oppression and injustice of women she sees around her. In order to make such observations genuinely the woman writer resorts to a variety of narrative strategies. Jasbir Jain continues, When the experience which is being narrated moves against the current, is unconventional or unusual, is radical in its standpoint, or display a strength which may be best muted for the time being, strategy is resorted to. There is no hesitation in laying a false trail or employing subterfuge. Moreover, it is never the same, for them it would become a theory. It may be imaged, or landscape, or scriptural references, or characters, or subplot, or structure which is being used for this purpose and waiting to be decoded. 5 Thus, the women writers use lots of techniques in order to build spaces for themselves at different levels. How far they are at variance from the writing of men is a question that is not easy to answer. But Jasbir Jain further says that, It is not a difference of form one cannot say that men write about external facts and women about internal life; one cannot also say that men write about thickly inhabited worlds and women do write about the responses of women of the shadows which they alone can see and the anguish they alone can feel. It is a difference of perspective. 6 Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni has struggled with contemporary subjects and a range of themes- marginalization, marriage, motherhood, conflicts, mothering, class, individuation, woman as mother, wife, sister and lastly yet considerable woman as a human being not just as a second sex or sex object. She seeks cynical about customs and tradition, yet she finds out in their heritage the keys for the longings and needs of women in current time. She is modernist writer since her writing highlights the idea of the trivial woman with an endocentric set up, widespread in the non first world and the first world. In her works, insights take preference over the compulsion of technique. She recognizes the paradoxes in a given area and also pays an ideological, cultural, philosophical, artistic struggle. In this sense, the author hypothesizes the sign of modernism, ego, freedom, love, sex as challenging through her modern emotional responses. Divakaruni writes a lot of narration speakers to have A clear window in the characters, which is shown by the narration of Indian culture value voices as an Indian person in the adopted land, who engages in the cultural conflicts. Like Charles said in the San Jose Mercury news, Divakarunis narrative in Vine of Desire is as gracefully structured as a piece of chamber music, with its interplay of themes and voices, ensemble and solo, working their way toward a final resolving chord. If you find yourself counting the pages left in the book, its likely to be because you wish there were many, many more. 7 A clear window seems to be like the tools of communication between the reader and the writer. Another quality which makes Divakaruni becomes one of the best writers is she offers her readers a window into the multicultural world of her characters. She said, I have no particular reader in my mind but a passionate desire to tell an honest moving story. She adds, If it is good literature, I know as all sensitive writers know, the reader and the writer will connect8. In The Vine of Desire (2002), Divakaruni writes about the mirror image of Indian immigrant in the U.S.A., which is in contrast with the culture of the adopted land. Here in this novel through Sudha and Anju, she exemplifies a contrasting perspective between the unselfishness required of women in India and the occasional freedom offered in their adopted land. The portrayal of the characters outer and inner worlds bring a rich emotional to the story about two women who learn to build peace with the complicated choices which circumstances forced upon them. There are some other novels also with this same concept such as Mistress of Spices (1997) and Queen of Dream (2004), where the protagonist gone through the sense of rootlessness. Divakarunis originality and talent lie in her technique of narration. She has used various techniques in writing such as alternative narrative, first and third person narrative, stream of consciousness, letter and diary writing, myth and magic realism particularly to express disordered and tragic condition of Indian immigrants while establishing themselves to the new civilization. As magic and myth have been a perpetual source of themes for literary writers all over the world since times immemorial. Therefore, magic realism is an artistic genre or style of fiction in which magical essentials combines with the real world. In this technique the story explains these magical elements as real episodes presented in a direct way places fantastic and the real in the similar stream of thought, it is originated in the German art criticism of painting of Weimer Republic and invented by Franz Roh. Hypothetically, the term was born in the twentieth century linking it to post modernism and for this reason it is used in modern fiction to blend fantastic and fabulous events in a narrative to uphold reliable tone of objective genuine report. It ascribes a novel the characteristics like fable, folktale, legend, myth, fantasy, romance, dream, meta narration, mysticism, especially related to the culture. In Brenda Coopers words, Magical realism attempts to capture reality by way of a depiction of lifes many dimensions, seen and unseen, visible and invisible, rational and the process, such writers walk a political tightrope between capturing this reality and providing precisely the exotic escape by some of their western readership. 9 Divakarunis magical realism is to bridge the gap between present and past state of affairs and its prolific entreaty for Indian immigrants who suffers from miscellaneous kinds of tensions is actually a phenomenon. She successfully used magic realism in her first novel, The Mistress of Spices (1997). She reveals characteristics like self-presentation, visions, eclecticism, mythology, folktales, discontinuity, saying, multiplicity, fables, Bengali culture and tradition to assert appropriating her identity all over the world. The central character in the present novel Tilo has a magic power that becomes the owner of spice shop where she is a master of all spices and speaks to them as characters to resolve the troubles of people in the real world with the assist of magic. She creatively applied magic on Indian immigrants particularly to impart them their heart desires and to overcome their suffering. Spices, legends and myth are beautifully put together by her for the relaxation of people and their psychological, mental, physical problems. So, In order to portray magic realism Divakaruni formed such a character like Tilo who is born in India. She defeats the pirate captain to become a pirate queen and after that she lives on the spice island where she is educated in the art of controlling and listening to the spices. This remote island is a place of protection for these women, who call themselves the Mistresses of Spices and are beneath the concern of the First Mother, the wisest and the eldest teacher. After received skills of the art, she is sent to Oakland, California, to a small Indian spice shop Spice Bazaar where she must begin her tasks of curing the masses. The first rule is that to survive a life of bachelor and never to yield carnal desires; secondly not to leave her place; thirdly, if she doesnt pursue these rules, there is no outcome of spices on people. So, she is warned by her mother not to fall in love with anyone. She should be a virtuous, sincere, and pure while applying the magic of spices and otherwi se she will lose her power over all spices. Old One says, But let me ask you certain you wish to become mistress? It is not to let to choose an easier life. Are you ready to give up your Young body, to take and age and ugliness and unending service? Ready never to step out of the places where you are set down, store or school or healing house? Are you ready never to love any but the spices again? 10 As per as the above illustration in concerned we can understand that spices play a very important role in the novel. India is the land of various spices as Chilly, Sesame, Turmeric, Cinnamon, Asafetida, Tulsi, Fenugreek, Brahmi, etc.; for Tilo these are nothing but characters similar to other human beings who speak to her. Thus, here the use of legendary stories juxtaposing with spices relates to different cultural stories. The author strikes a fragile balance between fantasy and realism in her other novels also. In all her books like Sister of My Heart (1999), Queen of Dream (2004), and Palace of Illusion (2008) there is a mixture of fantasy and realism. Sister of My Heart has numerous reference of Bidhata Purush, whom the mother visits frequently to get knowledge about the future. The old tales say this also: In the wake of Bidhata Purush come the demons, for this is the worlds nature, good and evil mingled. That is why they leave an oil lamp burning11. The incident of fathers death in the caves of Sunderban, where a million rubies grew up and the caves protected by demons are all essentials of fantasy. All these are elements of fantasy which are intermingled with the story. But they are very well appended in the text. Even in Queen of Dreams also Rakhis mother can forecast peoples future with her dreams and assist them to get out of the nastiest situations. While describing the common experiences of the Indian diasporic society, Queen of Dreams creates an Indian-American experience with magic realism. The narrative of this novel presents the connection between the subconscious and wakefulness. The author has whirled a delightful story of a second generation immigrant Rakhi who is trying to discover her identity, with her dream-interpreting mother contributing to the mystery and magic. Her mother Mrs. Gupta interprets dreams the other peoples lives depend on her, used to warn them and aid them because of her, a dream is a telegram from the hidden world12. The essence of the whole novel rests on the words of Mrs. Gupta as she explains the dream and construes the meaning of it. Thus, this novel portrays an amusing typical tale of self-discovery which is full of supernatural elements, mystery, suspense, and real experiences of an immigrant. In this novel, Mrs. Guptas profound past and her secret working of the present is brought to light through her dream journals posthumously. Her dream journals are only her longing memories of her past life in the caves with the elder which actually ascertains her cultural identity. In her journal she describes herself as an essential part of the group. The author used the first person singular narrative to describe her inner feeling, The dream comes heralding joy. I welcome the dream The dream comes heralding sorrow. I welcome the dream. The dream is a mirror showing me my beauty. I bless the dream. My life is nothing but a dream. From which I will wake into death, Which is nothing but a dream of life. 13 Divakaruni is stylistically different; she uses the combination of first person and third person narrative joined with flashback devices to provide realism and force in the novel. The writer used the flashback in time using a type of methods such as retelling of memories and dream sequences. Flashback breaks in a narratives linear time flow. She deals with the heroines self-analysis and also tries to include several other themes. To gain the interest of the reader, sometime she evades the simple technique of straight forward narration and takes up the flashback method. Divakarunis novels begin in the present but for a while move back and onward in time. As we know how much important characters are in a story and Chitra Banerjee usually portrays women characters as a protagonist. Her story focuses on the life of a woman specially an immigrant. Through them she tries to depict their inner feeling and experiences. Though we know the characters and their dialogues play a very important r ole to narrate a story. Characters can be approached from a lot of theoretical points of view, each yielding a different theory and conception of the characters. In widest sense, Character designates any entity, individual or collective normally human or human-like introduced in a work of narrative fiction. Characters thus exist within storyworlds, and play a role, no matter how minor, in one more of the states of affairs or events told about in the narrative. Character can be succinctly defined as storyworld participant.14 Not only the characters but their dialogues also play an important role regarding to the narrative technique. On behalf of the voices of characters in a story is an effectual way of stimulating a narrative. An essential aspect of how we memorize and grow close to fictional characters is the way they speak. Chitra Banerjee tries to take her readers into the mind of the protagonist who put some light on her condition and all loose strings are tied at the end. The first person narration also permits the author to investigate deep into the mind of the protagonist, exposing her frustrations and fear. First-person narration is a style where a tale is narrated by one character at a time, talking for and about them. First-person narrative may be plural, singular or several as well as being a reliable, authoritative or illusory voice. This allows the audience or reader to see the point of view including thoughts, feeling, and opinions only of the narrator. Divakaruni, in the Authors note, say s that, I was left unsatisfied by the portrayals of the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.they remain shadowy figures, their thoughts and motives mysterious, their emotions portrayed only when they affected the lives of the male heroes, their roles ultimately subservient to those of their fathers or husband, brothers and sons. If I ever wrote a bookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.I would place the women in the forefront of the action. I would uncover the story that lay invisible between the lines of the mens exploits. 15 Draupadi, in Divakarunis The Palaces of Illusions (2008), voyages from being a woman frequently made the issue of narration by patriarchal narratives of becoming a woman who personally narrates itself, in the process, conquering the narratives that have created her womanhood through the countries. By becoming both the agent of the action and narrator, Draupadi picked up the voice of womanhood. This novel generates an impression that among all accounts of the Draupadis story, this one is the most genuine because Draupadi herself enacts and narrates the story of her life apparently without an authorial interruption. Draupadi wants to liberally sing the song of her own life which is multivalent, colourful, and complex. She says, Id played a crucial role in bringing them to their destiny. Id shared their hardship in Khandav. Id helped them design this unique palace which so many longed to see. If they were pearls, I was the gold wire on which they were strung. Alone, they would have scattered, each to his dusty corner.16 Hence, the life of Draupadi, a renowned woman character of ancient India, comes in close proximity to the modern times. It is the energy and fire in Draupadi plus the strength to fight for discrimination. Her multifaceted quality makes her the most majestic and mysterious women for all ages. The novel begins with her fanatical interest of life. Once she said, Through the long, lonely years of childhood, when my fathers place seemed to tighten its grip around me until I couldnt breathe, I would go to my nurse and ask for a story. And though she knew many wondrous and edifying tales, the one I made her tell me over and over was the story of my birth. I think I liked it so much because it made me feel special, and in those days there was little else in my life that did. 17 Such manifold narration of her own lifes story offers Draupadi with a critical insight into her story. She not only acts in response to the events narrated but also critical views other peoples responses to the actions or events of her life. As a result, Divakaruni used this technique very well by narrating the story of her protagonists through their own words. We can usually find a first person narrative in her works where the protagonist tells us about her own life, inner feeling, experiences, etc. The author has created wonderful female characters. She always gave focus on her female figures like Anju, Sudha, Tilo, Rakhi, Mrs. Gupta, and so on. Even in her novel The Mistress of Spices, Chitra Banerjee quotes by her heroine about who is she and what her significance as a mistress of spices in the opening of her novel. She narrates such as, I am a mistress of spices. I can work the others too. Mineral, metal, earth and sand and stone. The gems with their cold clear light. The liquids that burn their hues into your eyes till you see nothing else. I learned them all on the island. But the spices are my loveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.In a whisper they yield up to me their hidden properties, their magic powers. 18 Thus, her novels are usually written in first person and thoroughly hold the reader. The chapters in Divakarunis novels are named after the central characters. In Sister of My Heart and Vine of Desire the chapters are alternatively named after Anju and Sudha. This is a very exclusive pattern of writing which evidently brings out the internal feelings of the protagonists. Even in Queen of Dreams the chapters are separated between the Form the Dream journals-the diary of Rakhis mother and Rakhi. The journals are read by Rakhi and her father. These dream journals are the disclosure of Ms. Guptas life as a dream teller. Further in her novel Mistress of Spices she has chosen yet another different way. She has named the chapters of the novel on the names of spices. It is written with a fusion of poetry and prose. This book is very spiritual in its features and as Divakaruni says, I wrote in a spirit of play, collapsing the divisions between the realistic world of twentieth century America and the timeless one of myth and magic in my attempt to create a modern fable19. Except all this she also used techniques of letter, diary, and storytelling to enrich her work and make it interesting for the readers. It is noticed that Chitra Banerjee makes a careful use of satire, irony or yet humour, which are the features of remarkable works of art. Blazes of irony are apparent in one or two episodes in a couple of novels but they do not seem to be integrated deliberately by the writers. The ironical circumstances in the lives of the protagonists are scattered here and there in approximately all her novels. In Divakarunis novels satire is more apparent. Her female protagonists who are trying to understand their country of acceptance face ironical situation. In Sister of Heart Sudha comes to America with the purpose that she would be having an innate capacity to bring up her daughter Dayita better life but she has no idea that this would mess up her bond with her sister of heart Anju. Further, In Queen of Dreams the main protagonist Rakhi and her friends are second age group Indians, they think that America is the only country that they fit in. But their individuality is also questioned during the attacks of September 11. Irony is enormously well-known in the works of Divakaruni. The writer makes use of myths to improve the imaginative consequence of the novel. Indian writers in English have derived encouragement from the wealth of matter available in the appearance of stories from the Mahabharata, the Ramanaya, and the Puranas plus local folklore and legends. The most regularly used fig ures from Indian legends is of course Sita, who is well thought-out as the model woman. In Divakarunis novels, there are no straightforward allegories made but one can depict equivalent with the mythological and legendary women in her works. In Sister of my Heart Sunils father enjoys by proclaiming offensive passages about women from the Hindu scriptures. In India her protagonists are anticipated to go behind the footsteps of the legendary women figures. Divakarunis latest novel Palace of Illusions is also predicated on the mythological figure Draupadi. In this novel Divakaruni has illustrated The Mahabharata from Draupadis point of view. Amusingly, even though education and the power of the feminist movement, many prejudices opposite of women still persevere. For the contemporary human being, the past becomes obsolete or if it subsists, it no longer exhibits itself as it was. For this reason, the past must be defined again according to the understanding of each human being. Chtira Banerjee endeavors to come to stipulations with the past in the Ecoian way: The past since it cannot really be destroyedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦must be revisited; but with irony, not innocently. (Umberto Eco p, 67) Thus, the novelist cross-examines the practice of mind emblazoned by the past. It is quite clear here that the protagonists of the novelist like Tilo, Sudha, Anju, Panchali, Rakhi all get free of modesty or humility so as to act in agreement with their inner voice. They are all in fact directed by the spirit while with an ironic equilibrium between faith and disbelief. To them, unfathomable feeling comes out as a later day psychology where Moksha is classified again in relation to the discovery of the Atman (here self, not soul) and the real magic is marked by a novel the sense of lifes path. Chitra Banerjee has nothing to do with the reality that life is not a sequence of show lamps. By the primary use of HOPE chiefly in the conclusion of her novels to pass on a wider human point of view i.e. life is totally changeable and has to be lived through hope as Frye suggests: Irony presents a human conflict which unlike a comedy, a romance or even a tragedy, is unsatisfactory and incomplete unless we see in it significance beyond itself. Something, typical of the human situation as a whole. 20 Divakaruni is a talented writer who uses sensual language to make the novel exciting, besides she is also dramatic and lyrical imaginative writer.